Question 1

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a convention, which is

Accepted Answer

Conventions are agreements where countries come together to define a problem and agree to address it, but they do not necessarily specify the exact actions that will be taken to address the problem. This allows for flexibility in how each country will meet the agreed-upon goals.

Question 2

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol is a multilateral agreement, which means it involves multiple countries, and requires phase-out and consumption freezes of ozone depleting substances. It is not unilateral (only involving one country) or bilateral (involving two countries).

Question 3

As a partial result of the Montreal Protocol, scientists predict that the hole in the ozone will be substantially_____ by _________.

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol was an international agreement to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. As a result of this protocol, the use of these substances has decreased, and scientists predict that the ozone hole will be substantially diminished by 2070. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Options A and C are incorrect as they suggest an increase in the ozone hole, which goes against the purpose of the Montreal Protocol. Option D is incorrect as it suggests a too soon timeframe as it takes more time to reverse the damage already done.

Question 4

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that for every 1 percent increase in UV_B radiation, basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases increase by 1 and 2 percent respectively. This is called

Accepted Answer

The relationship between an increase in UV_B radiation and an increase in basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases is an example of a dose-response relationship, where an increase in exposure to a stressor leads to a corresponding increase in the response or effect. This is not sensitivity analysis, ecosystem response, or vigorous response.

Question 5

The Montreal Protocol is considered successful because

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol was successful because it was widely agreed upon among nations, it created conditions that satisfied both developed and developing nations, and it provided a model for future international agreements.

Question 6

When countries engage in multilateral agreements regarding pollutants that affect all of them (i.e. acid rain pollution resulting from SO₂ emissions), the agreements supply

Accepted Answer

Multilateral agreements regarding pollutants result in the creation of global public goods, which are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in nature. This means that all countries can benefit from the reduction of pollutants, regardless of their contributions to the effort. However, because the benefits are not tied to individual contributions, there is a possibility of free-riders - countries that do not contribute to the effort, but still benefit from the reduction in pollutants.

Question 7

Initially, in order to reduce the damages associated with CFCs, manufacturers began using

Accepted Answer

Manufacturers began using hydrofluorocarbons as a substitute for CFCs, which cause less environmental damage.

Question 8

When two countries engage in an international agreement, they often invoke some element of ___________, which encourages compensation to a polluter who suffers a net financial loss when it limits its emissions to a socially efficient level that considers other damaged parties.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question refers to the "polluter pays principle (PPP)", which is the idea that those who cause pollution should bear the costs of managing and mitigating it. This principle is often incorporated into international agreements as a means of incentivizing polluters to act in a more socially responsible manner. Options A, B, and D are not relevant to the concept being described.

Question 9

Refer to the figure above. Without government intervention, the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

Accepted Answer

Without government intervention, the market will produce at the equilibrium point, where the supply and demand curves intersect. This point is at q1 units of CFCs and a price of p1.

Question 10

Refer to the figure above. With government imposing restrictions on total production of q₂ , the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

Accepted Answer

Without the figure, it's impossible to determine the exact quantities and prices. However, the correct answer would depend on the specific intersection points of supply and demand curves after the imposition of production restrictions, which is typically illustrated in such a figure.

Question 11

The Trail Smelter case of 1935 was an important case involving a British Columbian metal refinery that damaged farmlands in the United States. This case set an important international precedent referred to as

Accepted Answer

The Trail Smelter case established the polluter pays principle, which means that the individual or company responsible for producing pollution should bear the costs of dealing with that pollution, rather than the victim or society as a whole. This principle has since become a cornerstone of international environmental law and policy.

Question 12

Often countries are negotiating many international issues at the same time that they are considering agreements regarding environmental issues. If they are trying to establish a reputation as ________, their position on an environmental issue may seem inconsistent with self interest.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Often countries are negotiating many international issues...

Question 13

Provisions of the Montreal Protocol include

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol includes provisions for all of the choices listed above. It requires individual countries to phase out the production and consumption of designated substances, includes a multilateral fund for supporting developing countries' efforts to achieve control measures, and includes provisions for trade restrictions on designated substances between signatories and nonsignatories.

Question 14

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a protocol, which is

Accepted Answer

A protocol is an agreement similar to a treaty but with more specific measures and actions detailed. Countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail some of the specific actions that will be undertaken.

Question 15

In order for multinational agreements to be socially efficient, they need to

Accepted Answer

The equimarginal principle ensures that the marginal cost of reducing emissions is equalized across all countries, leading to a cost-effective allocation of resources and achieving social efficiency in emission reduction efforts.

Question 16

The Montreal Protocol has been _______ and ozone-depleting substances have _______.

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty adopted in 1987, aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. The treaty has been successful in achieving its goal, as the concentration of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere has declined since the 1990s.

Question 17

The available enforcement mechanisms are ________ at the international level compared to national level.

Accepted Answer

Enforcement mechanisms at the international level are much weaker compared to the national level. International law relies on voluntary compliance by countries and lacks a centralized system for enforcement, whereas national laws have established courts and law enforcement agencies to enforce regulations. This means that there is often little recourse or accountability for countries that violate international laws and agreements.

Question 18

With government imposing restrictions on total production of CFC, the industries that produce products affected by the restriction will experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of With government imposing restrictions on total production...

Question 19

International agreements regarding the use of natural resources _________________.

Accepted Answer

International agreements regarding the use of natural resources began earlier than the last half century, notably with countries seeking to agree on navigation rules for ocean passages. This indicates that such agreements are not a recent phenomenon and have existed in various forms, including but not limited to navigation rules.

Question 20

Similar to the programs for eliminating the use of leaded gasoline, the Montreal Protocol employs ____________ as a mechanism for countries that are unable to meet required production cutbacks.

Accepted Answer

The use of trade allowances of emission reduction credits is a mechanism used by the Montreal Protocol to allow countries that are unable to meet required production cutbacks to still comply with the overall goal of reducing ozone depletion. This mechanism allows countries to trade credits for reducing emissions with other countries that have already made progress in reducing their emissions. This is similar to the cap and trade program used to eliminate the use of leaded gasoline.

Quiz 19: International Environmental Agreements

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a convention, which is

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is

As a partial result of the Montreal Protocol, scientists predict that the hole in the ozone will be substantially_ by _____.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that for every 1 percent increase in UV_B radiation, basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases increase by 1 and 2 percent respectively. This is called

The Montreal Protocol is considered successful because

When countries engage in multilateral agreements regarding pollutants that affect all of them (i.e. acid rain pollution resulting from SO₂ emissions) , the agreements supply

Initially, in order to reduce the damages associated with CFCs, manufacturers began using

When two countries engage in an international agreement, they often invoke some element of ___________, which encourages compensation to a polluter who suffers a net financial loss when it limits its emissions to a socially efficient level that considers other damaged parties.

Refer to the figure above. Without government intervention, the market depicted would produce units of CFCs at a price of .

Refer to the figure above. With government imposing restrictions on total production of q₂ , the market depicted would produce units of CFCs at a price of .

The Trail Smelter case of 1935 was an important case involving a British Columbian metal refinery that damaged farmlands in the United States. This case set an important international precedent referred to as

Often countries are negotiating many international issues at the same time that they are considering agreements regarding environmental issues. If they are trying to establish a reputation as ________, their position on an environmental issue may seem inconsistent with self interest.

Provisions of the Montreal Protocol include

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a protocol, which is

In order for multinational agreements to be socially efficient, they need to

The Montreal Protocol has been _ and ozone-depleting substances have _.

The available enforcement mechanisms are ________ at the international level compared to national level.

With government imposing restrictions on total production of CFC, the industries that produce products affected by the restriction will experience

International agreements regarding the use of natural resources _________________.

Similar to the programs for eliminating the use of leaded gasoline, the Montreal Protocol employs ____________ as a mechanism for countries that are unable to meet required production cutbacks.

Quiz 19: International Environmental Agreements

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a convention, which is

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is

As a partial result of the Montreal Protocol, scientists predict that the hole in the ozone will be substantially_____ by _________.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that for every 1 percent increase in UVB radiation, basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases increase by 1 and 2 percent respectively. This is called

The Montreal Protocol is considered successful because

When countries engage in multilateral agreements regarding pollutants that affect all of them (i.e. acid rain pollution resulting from SO2 emissions) , the agreements supply

Initially, in order to reduce the damages associated with CFCs, manufacturers began using

When two countries engage in an international agreement, they often invoke some element of ___________, which encourages compensation to a polluter who suffers a net financial loss when it limits its emissions to a socially efficient level that considers other damaged parties.

Refer to the figure above. Without government intervention, the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

Refer to the figure above. With government imposing restrictions on total production of q2 , the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

The Trail Smelter case of 1935 was an important case involving a British Columbian metal refinery that damaged farmlands in the United States. This case set an important international precedent referred to as

Often countries are negotiating many international issues at the same time that they are considering agreements regarding environmental issues. If they are trying to establish a reputation as ________, their position on an environmental issue may seem inconsistent with self interest.

Provisions of the Montreal Protocol include

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form. One such form is a protocol, which is

In order for multinational agreements to be socially efficient, they need to

The Montreal Protocol has been _______ and ozone-depleting substances have _______.

The available enforcement mechanisms are ________ at the international level compared to national level.

With government imposing restrictions on total production of CFC, the industries that produce products affected by the restriction will experience

International agreements regarding the use of natural resources _________________.

Similar to the programs for eliminating the use of leaded gasoline, the Montreal Protocol employs ____________ as a mechanism for countries that are unable to meet required production cutbacks.

As a partial result of the Montreal Protocol, scientists predict that the hole in the ozone will be substantially_ by _____.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that for every 1 percent increase in UV_B radiation, basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases increase by 1 and 2 percent respectively. This is called

When countries engage in multilateral agreements regarding pollutants that affect all of them (i.e. acid rain pollution resulting from SO₂ emissions) , the agreements supply

Refer to the figure above. Without government intervention, the market depicted would produce units of CFCs at a price of .

Refer to the figure above. With government imposing restrictions on total production of q₂ , the market depicted would produce units of CFCs at a price of .

The Montreal Protocol has been _ and ozone-depleting substances have _.