When ____ occurs in a between-subjects experiment,it is impossible to determine whether differences between groups are caused by the treatments or by participant characteristics.

Question

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Assignment bias occurs when participants are not randomly assigned to groups, leading to preexisting differences between groups. This makes it difficult to determine whether differences between groups are actually caused by the treatments being tested or by participant characteristics. Fatigue, practice, and resentful demoralization are all potential confounding factors in an experiment, but they do not necessarily make it impossible to determine whether differences between groups are caused by the treatments or participant characteristics.

When ____ Occurs in a Between-Subjects Experiment,it Is Impossible to Determine