In the past, the policy-making relationship between states and the federal government was called ______, since there was clear separation of policy responsibility between the two levels.

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Dual federalism, sometimes called layered cake federalism, recognizes that the federal government and the state governments are separate and distinguishable layers of government, each with their own responsibilities and authority. In this system, the states have a wide range of power and responsibility in areas such as education, law enforcement, and healthcare, while the federal government is responsible for issues that affect the entire nation, such as defense, foreign policy, and interstate commerce. This contrasts with cooperative federalism, which emphasizes shared responsibility and cooperation between the federal and state governments in policymaking.

In the Past, the Policy-Making Relationship Between States and the Federal