What techniques have researchers used to examine the psychological effects of the stress of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks?

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Epidemiological research is the study of the distribution and determinants of health events, behaviors, and conditions in populations. In the case of the psychological effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, researchers have conducted surveys and analyzed data from large samples of individuals to examine the prevalence and patterns of stress symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in affected populations. This approach allows researchers to identify risk factors and protective factors, as well as track changes in psychological outcomes over time.

What Techniques Have Researchers Used to Examine the Psychological Effects