Emissions taxes and tradable emissions permits both ensure that any given reduction in total pollution is achieved at the lowest possible cost.This is not the case for environmental standards, since they fail to ensure that those who can reduce pollution most cheaply are in fact the ones to do so.False

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Emissions taxes and tradable permits provide economic incentives for polluters to reduce emissions at the lowest cost, as firms with lower abatement costs will reduce more to save money or sell permits. Environmental standards, however, mandate specific limits or technologies, which may not account for varying abatement costs across firms, leading to potentially higher overall costs.

Emissions Taxes and Tradable Emissions Permits Both Ensure That Any