Question 1

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

Accepted Answer

REM rebound is a common phenomenon where following a period of REM sleep deprivation, an individual experiences an increase in the amount of REM sleep during subsequent nights of undisturbed sleep. Therefore, Tim is likely to experience an increase in REM sleep tonight.

Option B is unlikely as it is not mentioned that Tim has sleep apnea. Option C is also unlikely as insomnia refers to difficulty falling or staying asleep, which is not mentioned in the scenario. Option D is not a likely outcome in this situation.

Question 2

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

Accepted Answer

The described symptoms are indicative of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Faster heart rate, irregular breathing, and rapid eye movement are all characteristic of this stage of sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming. The symptoms described are hallmarks of REM sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements, irregular breathing, and increased heart rate. NREM-3 sleep is characterized by slow brain waves and deep sleep, whereas sleep apnea involves interrupted breathing during sleep. Narcolepsy involves sudden and uncontrollable bouts of sleep during the day, which is not reflected in the scenario presented.

Question 3

According to Freud, people dream in order to

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, dreams represent a form of wish fulfillment which allows the individual to express and act on repressed desires and drives that are not acceptable in waking life. Thus, option A is the best representation of Freud's view on dreams. Option B, preparing for challenges, and option C, strengthening memories, are not central to Freud's theory of dreams. According to Freud, dreams are a manifestation of unconscious desires and repressed feelings. Therefore, dreams give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes that are not acceptable to the conscious mind. Freud believed that these repressed desires and wishes could be interpreted through dream analysis, allowing individuals to gain insight into their unconscious mind. While dreams may have other functions, such as memory consolidation, Freud believed that their primary purpose was to reveal the unconscious.

Question 4

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

Accepted Answer

An altered state of consciousness where people experience fantastic images and feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of LSD, a hallucinogenic drug. Heroin, cocaine, and marijuana do not typically produce the same type of hallucinogenic effects as LSD. The altered state of consciousness being described is most closely associated with LSD, a hallucinogenic drug that affects sensory perceptions and can induce vivid visual and emotional experiences. Heroin and cocaine typically produce feelings of euphoria or increased energy, while marijuana can alter perceptions but does not typically induce a sense of separation from the body.

Question 5

Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through alteration of neural activity in the brain. These drugs can bind to specific receptors in the brain, altering the activity of neurotransmitters and leading to changes in perception, mood, and behavior. The power of suggestion and placebo effects may play a role in some cases, but the primary mechanism of action for psychoactive drugs is physiological. Psychological influences may also contribute to drug effects, but they do not explain the specific ways in which drug molecules interact with the brain. Psychoactive drugs alter neural activity in the brain, which ultimately affects behavior and perception. The power of suggestion and the placebo effect may have psychological influence, but they do not directly alter neural activity in the brain.

Question 6

Which of the following preventive measures would have the greatest impact on average life expectancy?

Accepted Answer

Eliminating smoking has been proven to have the greatest impact on average life expectancy. Studies have shown that smoking increases the risk of numerous chronic diseases and conditions, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases. By eliminating smoking, individuals would have a significantly lower risk of developing these health conditions and ultimately, a longer average life expectancy. While addressing obesity, sleep deprivation, and binge drinking are also important for overall health, none have been shown to have as great of an impact on average life expectancy as smoking cessation.

Question 7

Brain activity indicative of conscious awareness is most likely to involve synchronized activity across various regions of the

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, is responsible for conscious thought and perception. Synchronized activity across various regions of the cerebral cortex is indicative of conscious awareness. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating basic physiological processes, but not conscious awareness. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The dopamine reward system is involved in motivation and reinforcement, but not consciousness.

Question 8

The sleep-waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are ________ hours in duration.

Accepted Answer

The typical sleep-waking cycle of young people who stay up too late is 25 hours in duration, also known as delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). This means that their internal body clock is shifted later than a typical 24-hour cycle, which makes it difficult for them to fall asleep at a normal bedtime and wake up at a reasonable time in the morning.

Question 9

The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.

Accepted Answer

The sleep cycle is approximately 90 minutes, and during each cycle, the brain goes through five different stages of sleep. These stages include light sleep, deeper sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is associated with dreaming. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. The sleep cycle is approximately 90 minutes long. This means that the stages of sleep (such as REM and non-REM) occur in a repeating pattern every 90 minutes throughout the night. Understanding this cycle can help improve sleep quality by maximizing the amount of time spent in deeper, more restorative stages of sleep.

Question 10

Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is classified as a depressant as it slows down the brain and central nervous system, causing a decrease in activity, relaxation, and sedation. Methamphetamine and LSD are classified as stimulants, while marijuana can have properties of both a depressant and a stimulant depending on the dose and individual's response.

Question 11

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

Accepted Answer

Bobby's symptoms are consistent with night terrors, which are characterized by sudden arousal from deep sleep, accompanied by screaming, sweating, and a racing heart. Individuals experiencing night terrors are difficult to awaken and usually have no memory of the episode the next day. Anarcolepsy typically involves excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone, while sleep spindles and sleep apnea do not involve screaming or sudden arousal from sleep.

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates dual processing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best illustrates dual...

Question 13

Alcohol consumption ________ sympathetic nervous system activity and ________ self-awareness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alcohol consumption ________ sympathetic nervous system activity...

Question 14

Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis involves a narrowing of attention and a heightened suggestibility, allowing for suggestions to bypass conscious resistance and influence automatic behavior. This suggests that hypnosis is an extension of the division between conscious awareness and automatic behavior. Option A is incorrect because people under hypnosis will not do anything that goes against their moral or ethical code. Option B is incorrect because hypnosis involves a focused state of awareness, not sleep. Option D is incorrect because the evidence for hypnosis to improve memory is mixed and inconclusive.

Question 15

After completing a full night of sleep, people are most likely to

Accepted Answer

After completing a full night of sleep, people's minds are refreshed, and they are more likely to think more creatively when they wake up. Studies have shown that after a full night of sleep, individuals are more likely to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions to problems. This is because sleep helps to consolidate memories and make new neural connections, leading to enhanced cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities. However, this may not be the case for individuals who suffer from sleep apnea, which can disrupt the quality and quantity of their sleep. REM rebound, characterized by an increase in the amount and intensity of REM sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, may occur after a period of insufficient sleep, but not necessarily after a full night of sleep. Loss of energy and apathy are more commonly associated with sleep deprivation, rather than adequate sleep.

Question 16

Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of...

Question 17

The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by

Accepted Answer

The answer of The lowest rates of drug use among...

Question 18

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

Accepted Answer

Neuroadaptation leads to an increased tolerance to the effects of a drug, meaning that a larger dose is needed to achieve the same effects. This is a common sign of drug use and addiction. Dissociation, narcolepsy, and hallucinations may also occur with drug use, but are not direct signs of neuroadaptation. Neuroadaptation refers to the brain's ability to adapt to the presence of drugs, which can result in an increase in tolerance to the drug. This means that the user would need to take higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effects as before.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

Accepted Answer

The text mentions three theories of dreaming: information processing, brain development, and activation-synthesis. None of them suggest that dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation. The three theories of dreaming mentioned in the text are that dreams facilitate information processing, dreaming stimulates the developing brain, and dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brainstem. There is no mention of dreaming as an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

Question 20

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

Accepted Answer

Raymond's difficulty in getting to sleep at night is likely due to a disruption of his circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal biological clock that regulates sleep and wake cycles. Working nights for four years would have shifted Raymond's internal clock to be awake and alert during the night and drowsy during the day. Now that he is working during the day, his internal clock is struggling to adjust, making it difficult for him to fall asleep at night. Raymond's difficulty in getting to sleep at night after working nights for four years is most likely due to a disruption of his normal circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is the internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological processes. Working nights for an extended period can disrupt this natural rhythm.

Quiz 3: Nature,nurture and Human Diversity