Question 1

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

The fact that Natasha and Dimitri openly share personal information and feelings with each other suggests that they practice self-disclosure, which is the expression of one's true thoughts and feelings to another person. This kind of communication builds trust and intimacy in relationships. The scenario suggests that Natasha and Dimitri have a successful marriage because they openly express their intimate thoughts and emotions to each other, which is known as self-disclosure. This highlights the importance of self-disclosure in building a deep and meaningful connection between partners.

Question 2

Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals who believe that the death penalty...

Question 3

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias refers to the tendency to favor individuals within our own group over those from outside our group. This bias is primarily driven by our social identities, which are the groups to which we belong and identify with. Therefore, the impact of our social identities on prejudice is best illustrated by ingroup bias. The other options listed may be factors that impact prejudice in some way, but they are not directly related to the phenomenon of ingroup bias. Ingroup bias refers to the tendency to favor individuals who belong to the same group as ourselves. This bias is based on our social identities, which are the groups we belong to (such as nationality, religion, race, etc.). Therefore, the impact of social identities on prejudice is best illustrated by ingroup bias. Superordinate goals refer to goals that can only be achieved by working together with people from different groups, and they can reduce prejudice, but they do not directly illustrate the impact of social identities on prejudice. Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations, and it can lead to increased aggressive or antisocial behavior, but it is not directly related to prejudice. Reciprocity norms refer to the expectation that people will help those who have helped them, and they can promote positive social interactions, but they are not directly related to prejudice.

Question 4

Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The increasing hostility of Montel towards racial minority students and staff on campus can be best explained by the scapegoat theory. This theory suggests that individuals who cannot attribute their negative experiences to specific causes may turn their frustration towards a group that is seen as different or marginalized. Montel's academic probation is not related to his hostility towards the racial minority group. Therefore, he may subconsciously or consciously direct his frustration towards them, making them a scapegoat for his problems.

Question 5

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

Accepted Answer

Ksana is making a dispositional attribution by attributing the cause of the accident to her boyfriend's personality trait - carelessness. Ksana is making a dispositional attribution by blaming her boyfriend's carelessness for the car accident.

Question 6

In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black- sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one experiment, White respondents typically took...

Question 7

Makato, a 21-year-old college junior, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that physical attractiveness can play a role in employment decisions and job success. As a result, Makato may experience difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers due to his physical appearance. The other options (A, C, and D) are not necessarily related to physical attractiveness. Research has shown that physically attractive people are more likely to make favorable impressions on potential employers and be seen as more competent and successful. Therefore, Makato's physical unattractiveness may lead to difficulties in this area. The other answer choices are not necessarily related to physical attractiveness.

Question 8

Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park. His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as

Accepted Answer

Alcohol consumption can often lead to increased aggression and a tendency to perceive situations as more threatening or confrontational. Therefore, Jason is more likely to interpret the foul as a provocation due to his alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption often leads to increased aggression and a tendency to interpret situations as more hostile than they actually are. Therefore, Jason is likely to interpret the foul as a provocation.

Question 9

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute other people's behaviors to their traits or characteristics rather than situational factors. When we explain the actions of people we do not know well, we often rely on our assumptions about their character, rather than considering the context in which the behavior occurred.

Question 10

Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

Luella's public agreement with her classmates is an example of normative social influence, where the individual conforms to the group's expectations to fit in and gain social acceptance, even if it goes against their personal beliefs. However, her private diary entry suggests that she is influenced by her own opinions and beliefs, indicating that her conformity to the group was driven by normative social influence rather than informational social influence, where individuals conform to the group's beliefs because they believe the group has more accurate information. Normative social influence refers to the tendency to conform to social norms and expectations in order to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. Luella's public agreement with her classmates' opinion on dating is likely driven by normative social influence, as she wants to fit in and be accepted by her peers. However, her private belief reflects informational social influence, which occurs when individuals look to others for guidance and information in ambiguous or unfamiliar situations. Luella's diary entry suggests that she does not actually believe in the opinion she expressed publicly, but rather was influenced by her desire to conform to her classmates' expectations.

Question 11

Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This strategy is an example of peripheral route persuasion, where people are swayed by superficial cues instead of logical arguments. The use of emotional music and images aims to stimulate positive emotional responses in viewers, without necessarily engaging them in critical thinking about the candidate's policies and positions. This scenario describes peripheral route persuasion, which involves making superficial connections with the candidate rather than relying on logical arguments or in-depth analysis of their positions. The use of music and emotional images is meant to trigger more impulsive responses rather than thoughtful consideration.

Question 12

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies ingroup bias, which is the tendency for individuals to favor their own group (in this case, their school) over others. Children may believe that their school is superior simply because it is where they belong and identify with. This scenario exemplifies ingroup bias because the children believe their school, which is their in-group, is superior to the other schools, which are out-groups.

Question 13

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

Accepted Answer

Participating in violent video games involves role-playing aggression, as the player takes on the role of a character who engages in violent actions. Acquiring social scripts, desensitization to violence, and priming aggressive thoughts are all possible effects of exposure to violent media in general, but they are not necessarily unique to video games. Participating in violent video games involves role-playing aggression, where the player takes on the role of a violent character and actively engages in violent actions. This can lead to desensitization to violence and priming aggressive thoughts, but the act of role-playing aggression is a unique aspect of violent video games that is not present in simply watching violence on television. Acquiring social scripts may also occur in violent video games, but this is not as unique a feature as role-playing aggression.

Question 14

In one experiment, elementary school boys randomly selected to receive a video- game system subsequently spent ________ time on school work and experienced ________ academic problems.

Accepted Answer

The experiment suggests that the boys who received the video game system spent less time on school work and experienced more academic problems. Therefore, the best choice is C: less time on school work and more academic problems. The use of video-game systems has been shown to distract children from schoolwork and lead to poor academic performance. Therefore, it is likely that the boys who received a video-game system in this experiment spent less time on school work and experienced more academic problems than those who did not receive a system.

Question 15

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of aggression in children. Research has shown that minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of aggression, particularly in boys. Without a strong father figure, children may lack appropriate role models for controlling their own aggression and may also miss out on learning important social skills from male caregivers.

Question 16

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

Accepted Answer

Milgram's initial obedience experiment found that the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Many participants continued to administer electric shocks to the "learners" even when they expressed pain, protested, and eventually stopped responding altogether. This result was surprising to many people and challenged the belief that individuals are inherently resistant to authority and unlikely to harm others. Milgram's initial obedience experiment showed that the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted, going against the commonly held belief that individuals would resist authority when asked to do something immoral or harmful to others.

Question 17

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

Accepted Answer

The experiment conducted by Dutton and Aron was designed to study passionate love. The researchers wanted to assess the role of physiological arousal in attraction and concluded that the participants who experienced a high level of physiological arousal while crossing the swaying footbridge expressed greater physical attraction towards the woman who approached them subsequently to complete the questionnaire. This finding helped in providing evidence that physiological arousal caused by one source can easily be misattributed to an entirely different reason. The experiment by Dutton and Aron was designed to study the factors that contribute to passionate love, as the participants' heightened arousal due to the dangerous situation and their subsequent interaction with the attractive woman may have led to the experience of passionate feelings. The other options listed are not relevant to the experiment.

Question 18

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one experiment, White Americans read a...

Question 19

Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, his social rejection and his abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to a person's behavior. In the case of Joel's sexually violent behavior, his unrealistic sexual scripts suggest a psychological factor, his social rejection indicates a social factor, and his abuse of alcohol may have biological and psychological components. Therefore, a biopsychosocial approach would provide the most comprehensive understanding of his behavior. A biopsychosocial approach considers the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to an individual's behavior, providing the most comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior. This approach considers both his unrealistic sexual scripts and his social rejection, as well as his alcohol abuse, and recognizes that multiple factors interact to influence his behavior. Cognitive dissonance theory and the frustration-aggression principle focus more specifically on cognitive or emotional processes, while superordinate goals are a strategy for reducing intergroup conflict and are not directly relevant to understanding Joel's behavior.

Question 20

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

Accepted Answer

Normative social influence refers to the influence that social norms have on our behavior. In this scenario, Kentaro is conforming to social norms (wearing a tie to a formal event like a wedding) to avoid disapproval from his family.

Quiz 14: Stress and Health