Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

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The other options listed (360-degree feedback, refractory periods, and basal metabolic rate) are not related to the four perspectives used to explain motivation. The emphasis on drive reduction is the fourth perspective that psychologists use to explain motivation.

Psychologists Have Used Four Perspectives in Their Efforts to Explain