Karl Nessler received the patent for the so-called "hot procedure" for a permanent (hair) in 1906. The hair was treated with a basic solution (NaOH in water, pH approx. 10) and then heated for several hours on the curler. The result was often extremely curly hair. What kind of bonds was/were actually (partially) broken and reformed?
I. hydrogen bonds
II. ionic bonds
III. disulfide-bridges
IV. dipolar bonds

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The Answer of Karl Nessler received the patent for the so-called "hot procedure" for a permanent (hair) in 1906. The hair was treated with a basic solution (NaOH in water, pH approx. 10) and then heated for several hours on the curler. The result was often extremely curly hair. What kind of bonds was/were actually (partially) broken and reformed?
I. hydrogen bonds
II. ionic bonds
III. disulfide-bridges
IV. dipolar bonds

Karl Nessler Received the Patent for the So-Called "Hot Procedure