Mutations that occur even in the absence of an added mutagen are known as ________ mutations.

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Spontaneous mutations occur naturally without exposure to an external mutagenic agent. They can result from errors during DNA replication or from spontaneous chemical changes in DNA that can lead to base substitutions, deletions, or insertions. Silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations can all occur spontaneously or can be induced by mutagens.

Mutations That Occur Even in the Absence of an Added