Alan Christopher demonstrated that he could turn pigeons into problem gamblers by manipulating the consequences of gambling.

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In his experiments, Alan Christopher was able to condition pigeons to become problem gamblers by manipulating the consequences of a simple gambling task. The pigeons would continue to peck a lighted button, even when it resulted in punishment, because they had learned to associate the behavior with the possibility of a reward.

Alan Christopher Demonstrated That He Could Turn Pigeons into Problem