The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of

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Earth's sphericity causes varied angles to parallel solar rays, resulting in uneven distribution of insolation by latitude. The equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles because sunlight has to pass through more atmosphere near the poles, making it less intense. This is known as the angle of incidence, which determines the extent to which sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere and the surface. Variability in the Sun's output, changing distance of Earth from the Sun, and variation in the value of a watt may be minor factors affecting insolation but are not the primary reason for its uneven distribution by latitude. Likewise, there is no evidence of long-term decrease in the Sun's energy output that could account for the observed pattern of insolation.

The Uneven Distribution of Insolation by Latitude Is Primarily a Result