Paper-and-pencil tests have been developed to accomplish the same objectives as polygraph examinations.

Question

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Paper-and-pencil tests, such as the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) and the Voice Stress Analysis (VSA), have been developed with the aim of detecting deception, similar to the objectives of polygraph examinations. These tests are designed to assess psychological and physiological indicators of stress and deception without the need for physical sensors attached to the body, offering an alternative approach to lie detection.

Paper-And-Pencil Tests Have Been Developed to Accomplish the Same Objectives