In Batson v. Kentucky (1986) and J. E. B. v. Ala. Ex rel (1994), the Supreme Court ruled that potential jurors cannot be excluded because of their _____, which constitute characteristics of _____ groups.

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In Batson v. Kentucky (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that potential jurors cannot be excluded based on their race, and in J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. (1994), the Court extended this principle to gender. Both decisions protect against discrimination in jury selection for groups that are considered "cognizable," meaning they are recognized as distinct groups within the legal context.

In Batson V