Between the 1930s and 1960s, an interrogator in the United States would be likely to use all of the following forms of coercion to elicit confessions, EXCEPT:

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Direct physical violence was less commonly sanctioned or openly used by law enforcement in the United States during the 1930s to 1960s as a method of interrogation compared to other forms of coercion such as sleep deprivation, withholding privileges, or isolation. While not unheard of, its use was more controversial and less likely to be officially condoned.

Between the 1930s and 1960s, an Interrogator in the United