In Order to Hold an Officer's Supervisor Accountable for Alleged

In order to hold an officer's supervisor accountable for alleged police misconduct, the U.S.Supreme Court has ruled there must be ______.

A) a "clear and unambiguous" connection between the officer's actions and the supervisor
B) "probable cause to believe" the officer acted on the orders of the supervisor
C) proof of an "affirmative link" between the officer's actions and the supervisor
D) proof shown by a "preponderance of the evidence" of "supervisory misconduct"