The Spanish returned to the area of New Mexico in 1610 and established a network of missions and estates known as encomenderos, a system under which Spanish

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The encomendero system in New Spain (which included areas like New Mexico) involved Spanish elites being granted rights to land and the labor of local Indigenous people, essentially as a reward for their service to the Crown. This system was used to control and exploit native populations.

The Spanish Returned to the Area of New Mexico in 1610