Sociological Research on the "Employment Penalty" for a Criminal Record

Sociological research on the "employment penalty" for a criminal record showed that

A) black ex-offenders are discriminated against more often than white ex-offenders.
B) white ex-offenders are discriminated against more often than black ex-offenders.
C) once a prison sentence has been served, employers are just as likely to hire an ex-offender as someone with a "clean" record.
D) there is no difference between black and white ex-offenders, but both are less likely than non-offenders to be offered a job.