Which of the Following Was NOT Among the Conclusions of Cyclical

Which of the following was NOT among the conclusions of cyclical theorist and English historian Arnold J. Toynbee?

A) Civilizations grow and decline in a uniform manner.
B) Civilizations arise in response to some challenge such as warlike neighbors.
C) Civilizations arise in response to adequate natural resources, a gentle climate, and people who get along well.
D) A civilization will grow and flourish when a challenge it faces is not so severe as to make an adequate response impossible.