A researcher conducted a study relating the time parents spent with their children to their children's happiness. From a correlational analysis of the data, the researcher concluded that happier children are a result of parents spending more time with them. The possibility that the parents spent more time with their children in response to the fact that their children were happier is an example of

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The bidirectionality problem in correlational research refers to the issue that, in a correlation between two variables, it is unclear whether one variable causes the other or vice versa. In this case, it's uncertain if happier children lead to more parental time or if more parental time leads to happier children.

A Researcher Conducted a Study Relating the Time Parents Spent