Demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables requires that:
A) A covariation exists (correlation) between the two variables
B) Changes in the independent variable come before changes in the dependent variable
C) Both a covariation exists between the variables and changes in the independent variable comes before changes in the dependent variable
D) Either a covariation exists between the two variables or the change in the independent variable came before changes in the dependent variable (but not both)

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship, it is necessary to establish both that a covariation or correlation exists between the variables (showing that they are related) and that changes in the independent variable precede changes in the dependent variable (establishing a directional or causal effect).

Demonstrating a Cause-And-Effect Relationship Between Two Variables Requires That