The two tests for actual cause are

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The two tests for actual cause are "but-for" and "substantial factor." These tests are used to determine if the defendant's actions are the actual cause of the plaintiff's harm in tort law. The "but-for" test asks whether the harm would have occurred but for the defendant's actions, while the "substantial factor" test is used when multiple causes are present and asks whether the defendant's conduct was a substantial factor in causing the harm.

The Two Tests for Actual Cause Are