Those Who See the Decline of Voter Turnout as a Function

Those who see the decline of voter turnout as a function of party organization change believe all of the following except that

A) parties originally aimed to increase mass political participation.
B) parties used caucuses and conventions and fought against legal barriers to voting to increase participation.
C) the nation was split by region in the late 1890s, and two-party competition decreased in many places.
D) both parties became more liberal.
E) citizens lost interest in politics because the parties did not respond to their needs.