Among the General Standards for Quota and Preference Systems That

Among the general standards for quota and preference systems that seem to be emerging from recent Supreme Court rulings is that

A) explicit numerical quotas are permissible in most cases.
B) preferential treatment is more likely to be looked on favorably than compensatory action.
C) involuntary preference systems will be easier to justify.
D) such systems must correct an actual pattern of discrimination.
E) flexible systems are looked on with suspicion.