Which of the following processes is driven by the free energy released as electrons move through photosystem II and I in the thylakoid membranes?
A) excitement of electrons in the reaction center of photosystem I
B) establishment of a proton gradient
C) synthesis of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
D) phosphorylation of NAD+ to NADPH

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The free energy released as electrons move through photosystem II and I is primarily used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, establishing a proton gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP in a process known as photophosphorylation.

Which of the Following Processes Is Driven by the Free