In an experiment, confounding occurs when
A) more than one independent variable is manipulated.
B) an uncontrolled variable covaries with an independent variable.
C) an interaction occurs between two independent variables.
D) an interaction occurs between three or more independent variables.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Confounding occurs when an extraneous variable (one that is not the independent variable of interest) influences the outcome of the study and is not controlled for, thus potentially misleading the results. This happens when the uncontrolled variable covaries with the independent variable, making it difficult to determine if the outcomes are due to the independent variable or the confounding variable.

In an Experiment, Confounding Occurs When