What enable the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentrations and volumes depending on the body's needs? A) Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase pump and co-transport carriers B) juxtaglomerular apparatus and vasa recta C) podocytes and peritubular capillaries D) medullary vertical osmotic gradient and vasopressin

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The medullary vertical osmotic gradient and vasopressin enable the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentrations and volumes depending on the body's needs. The medullary vertical osmotic gradient refers to the concentration gradient of solutes in the renal medulla, which allows for the formation of concentrated urine. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), works on the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption and concentrate urine when the body needs to conserve water.

What Enable the Kidneys to Produce Urine of Varying Concentrations