Which of the following often qualifies as a permissible warrantless search?

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All three options listed are examples of permissible warrantless searches under certain circumstances. A search of a suspect's person incident to a lawful arrest is allowed under the Fourth Amendment's search incident to arrest doctrine. A search of an automobile based on probable cause is allowed due to the mobility of vehicles and the lower expectation of privacy in them. A "pat-down" search of a person based on reasonable suspicion is permitted based on the need for officer safety and the limited intrusion of the search.

Which of the Following Often Qualifies as a Permissible Warrantless