In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi consider the criminal offender and the criminal act as _______concepts.

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In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi view the criminal offender and the criminal act as separate concepts. They argue that criminal behavior is not the result of social or environmental factors, but rather the result of low self-control, a trait that is developed early in life through inadequate parenting. Therefore, they see the offender (i.e. an individual with low self-control) and the criminal act (i.e. the result of the individual's low self-control) as distinct from one another.

In Their General Theory of Crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi Consider