In Two Affirmative Action Cases Involving the University of Michigan

In two affirmative action cases involving the University of Michigan decided in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

A) any form of affirmative action violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
B) racial quotas were permissible for as many years as discrimination had been practiced.
C) numerical formulas for minority admission were unacceptable but flexible individually-based procedures were constitutional.
D) preferences for children of alumni were unconstitutional.
E) all forms of affirmative action were acceptable under the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act.