In prosecuting white-collar crimes in federal court, the government is usually required to prove that the accused committed the prohibited act "knowingly and willfully."

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This is known as the "mens rea" element, which requires the government to prove that the defendant had knowledge and intention to commit the crime. This is a higher standard than simply proving that the defendant committed the act, as it requires proof of their mental state at the time of the offense.

In Prosecuting White-Collar Crimes in Federal Court, the Government Is