(Figure: Effects of Price Ceilings) Refer to the figure. At a priceceiling of $2:

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At a price ceiling of $2, the equilibrium quantity demanded is higher than the quantity supplied, resulting in a shortage. This shortage creates an opportunity for sellers to demand bribes from buyers to sell the product or for buyers to offer bribes to secure the product. A bribe of $1 per unit may be common under these circumstances. There is no indication in the graph that seller discounts of $1 or $3 may be common.

(Figure: Effects of Price Ceilings) Refer to the Figure