Which of the following procedural devices designed to prevent most African-Americans from voting was the first to be declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court?

Question

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The grandfather clause was the first among the listed options to be declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Guinn v. United States (1915). This clause exempted certain voters from literacy tests or other voting requirements if they, or their ancestors, had been eligible to vote before a certain date, effectively disenfranchising many African-American voters.

Which of the Following Procedural Devices Designed to Prevent Most