When Stanley was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Stanley's side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case,

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The dog treats were used as positive reinforcers for staying close, meaning that Smooches learned that staying by Stanley's side would result in a reward. Over time, this behavior became reinforced and Smooches now stays close without the need for a treat, indicating that the behavior has become a habit.

When Stanley Was First Training His Dog, Smooches, to Heel