The Solomon four-group design provides a means for controlling the interactive testing effect, as well as other sources of extraneous variation.

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The Solomon four-group design involves dividing participants into four groups: two groups who receive the treatment and two groups who do not receive the treatment. In addition, one of the groups who do not receive the treatment is also pretested to account for the potential impacts of the pretest itself. This design allows researchers to control for the potential interactive effect of testing and treatment, as well as other extraneous sources of variation by comparing the outcomes of the groups who receive and do not receive the treatment, and those who are pretested and those who are not pretested.

The Solomon Four-Group Design Provides a Means for Controlling the Interactive