The substrates for gluconeogenesis include glucogenic amino acids, _____.

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Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. These sources include lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids, which can be converted into pyruvate or other intermediates that can then be used to synthesize glucose. Fatty acids and triglycerides cannot be directly used for gluconeogenesis, although they can be broken down into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle and contribute to energy production. Vitamins are not substrates for gluconeogenesis.

The Substrates for Gluconeogenesis Include Glucogenic Amino Acids, _____