According to Shaw and McKay, the attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted:

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Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory suggests that high crime rates are caused by cultural factors that are transmitted from one generation to the next through socialization. The attitudes, values, and techniques of organized criminality are transmitted culturally within neighborhoods or communities experiencing social disorganization. This transmission takes place through informal socialization processes, such as observation and interaction, as well as formalized and ritualistic processes, such as gang initiation and hazing. Additionally, economic necessity may also play a role in the transmission of organized crime values and techniques. Therefore, the best answer is D, all of these.

According to Shaw and McKay, the Attitudes, Values, and Techniques