In the course of observing cacti from several islands, researchers noted that on islands where cacti had been grazed by cows, they developed more spines per plant. This example shows that

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The observation that the graze of cows on cacti leads to the development of more spines per plant highlights that herbivory (in this case, by cows) can be a selective force, which drives the evolution of cacti populations towards having more defensive adaptations (spines) to avoid being eaten. The other choices are not supported by the information provided in the question.

In the Course of Observing Cacti from Several Islands, Researchers