Cigarette smoking has been shown to be related to lung disease. This proposition includes:
A) a statement of bias against smoking.
B) a statement of association.
C) no independent variable.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The statement is a statement of association, as it indicates that there is a relationship between cigarette smoking and lung disease. It does not show bias against smoking, as it is a factual statement. There is also an independent variable (cigarette smoking) that is being related to the dependent variable (lung disease). The statement is a statement of association between cigarette smoking and lung disease. It does not contain bias against smoking, nor does it have an independent variable. Therefore, options A, C, D, and E can be eliminated.

Cigarette Smoking Has Been Shown to Be Related to Lung