Urban school segregation has been especially difficult to eliminate due to the phenomenon of:

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White flight, or the movement of white families from central cities to suburbs or other areas, has contributed significantly to urban school segregation. This is because as white families move out of urban areas, they often take with them their resources, tax base, and political power, leaving behind poorer and more racially segregated schools and neighborhoods. This has made it difficult to create truly integrated schools within urban areas. White flight from the central cities refers to the trend of white families moving out of urban areas to suburban and rural areas, which has led to increased segregation in urban schools. This phenomenon has been difficult to combat because it is largely driven by individual choices and preferences rather than government policies or laws. While de jure segregation (segregation by law) was outlawed by the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, de facto segregation (segregation by fact) persists due to factors such as housing patterns and economic inequality. Massive immigration and self-segregation of minorities may also contribute to school segregation, but they are not the most significant factors in this trend. The hidden curriculum, which refers to the unwritten rules, attitudes, and values that underlie school practices and culture, may have an impact on perpetuating segregation, but it is not the primary cause.

Urban School Segregation Has Been Especially Difficult to Eliminate Due