In treatment research, efficacy and effectiveness designs are best conceptualized as complementary.

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Efficacy designs focus on measuring a treatment's effectiveness under tightly controlled experimental conditions, while effectiveness designs aim to test the treatment's performance under real-world settings. These designs can provide valuable information about a treatment's overall effectiveness and its potential limitations. Thus, they are seen as complementary rather than competing approaches to treatment research.

In Treatment Research, Efficacy and Effectiveness Designs Are Best Conceptualized