What Is the Net Effect of Illegal Immigration on Total

What is the net effect of illegal immigration on total employment in the United States?

A) The net effect is zero, as illegal immigrant workers displace domestic-born workers on a one-for-one basis.
B) Total employment increases, but with some substitution of illegal immigrants for domestic-born workers.
C) Total employment decreases.
D) Total employment increases, with no displacement of or substitution for domestic-born workers.