In late nineteenth-century Europe, increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to

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The increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand led to a strong reaction against free trade, and most nations imposed steep protective tariffs to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition. This can be seen in the formation of trade blocs like the German Zollverein and the imposition of tariffs by countries like France and Italy.

In Late Nineteenth-Century Europe, Increased Competition for Foreign Markets and the Growing