Alarmed at Heightened European Presence in Africa and Exploitation of Labor

Alarmed at heightened European presence in Africa and exploitation of labor, some Africans began to call for what means to defend further encroachment?​

A) ​Formation of nation-states along a Western model
B) ​Armed insurrectoin and expulsion.
C) ​Economic boycott and passive resistance.
D) ​Unionization of workers.
E) ​Conversion to Communism.