Natasha finds that men speak more often in the classroom than do women, and that this is true both when they are assigned to sit in the front of the room and the back of the room. Natasha's study has found a statistically significant effect for

Question

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Natasha's study is observing a subject variable (gender) rather than manipulating an independent variable. The difference in speaking frequency between men and women is not something she is controlling or changing; she is observing how this pre-existing characteristic (gender) influences behavior in the classroom.

Natasha Finds That Men Speak More Often in the Classroom