Drug tests of public employees, hospital patients, and students are special needs searches that balance public safety against individual privacy rights.

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These types of drug tests are considered special needs searches because they are conducted for reasons beyond the typical law enforcement objectives. They aim to ensure public safety, maintain a safe and effective work environment, and protect vulnerable populations, thus justifying a balance between the necessity of the search and the intrusion on individual privacy rights.

Drug Tests of Public Employees, Hospital Patients, and Students Are