Fines Are Monetary Payments Imposed on an Offender as an Intermediate

Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for a criminal act.  They are a direct offshoot of:

A) the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system.
B) judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures.
C) the early common-law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state.
D) claims of racial bias in the sentencing process.