The processes responsible for virtually all surface geology are

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Impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics, and erosion are the main processes that contribute to surface geology. Impact cratering occurs when meteors or other celestial bodies collide with a planetary surface. Volcanism is the process of magma rising to the surface and cooling, forming igneous rocks. Tectonics involve the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust, which can result in the formation of mountains or the creation of rift valleys. Erosion is the process of weathering and the transportation of sediment by wind, water, or ice, which can sculpt the land into distinctive features. Convection, conduction, radiation, accretion, differentiation, radioactive decay, eruptions, lava flows, and outgassing have important roles in planetary geology, but they are not the primary processes responsible for surface geology.

The Processes Responsible for Virtually All Surface Geology Are