Schisms, the Foremost Threat to the Christian Church in the Middle

Schisms, the foremost threat to the Christian church in the Middle Ages, were

A) disputes between bishops concerning church lands.
B) formal divisions over differences in doctrine.
C) disagreements between kings and church leaders over the extent of secular power.
D) arguments between local priests and the pope about church education.
E) disagreements between priests and lay followers about the wealth of the clergy.