How was ocean shipping transformed by the mid-nineteenth century?

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By the mid-nineteenth century, ocean shipping underwent significant transformations due to technological advancements, including more efficient and powerful engines, an increase in the average size of freighters, the replacement of wooden hulls with steel ones, and the transition from paddle wheels to propellers. These changes collectively improved the speed, capacity, and safety of ocean-going vessels.

How Was Ocean Shipping Transformed by the Mid-Nineteenth Century